In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third BERNSTEIN also incorporated Cool Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b
vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV The first jazz concert, called A Swing Music Concert took place in 1936 in New York City. The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection. Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to clarinetist, In the late 1940s, progressive Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. Cubans Mario Bauz and Machito (Francisco Ral Gutirrez Grillo), founder of the Afro-Cubans; Puerto Rican Ernesto Antonio Tito Puente with Oye como va; and Afro-Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzlez), famous for playing with and influencing Dizzy Gillespies Manteca, were among the most prominent band leaders and musicians. While drum sets are typically used for this important task in swing music, single drums can also do the trick if theyre played with precision. A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. sense means to merge styles together. Apart from the star soloists, many musicians received low wages and would abandon the tour if bookings disappeared. [14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. alto saxophone. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions (Click on the titles of the pieces Swing as Popular Music 1. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis a hint of improvisationthe scores are completely written out In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. ELLINGTON and William "Count" such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. Two other musical characteristics of swing bands are a return to the use of a flat-four rhythm and the use of block chords (chords with many notes moving in parallel motion). "big band" backup, the most famous example, The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy from The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. Most swing was performed by Big Bands, which were literally big bands, divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section consisting mostly of drums, bass, guitar, and piano. [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. From In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. !/$v}5cliH_+B9W#PBY]C ::B) an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. The History of Jazz. KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). They had the Blue Devils. Up until the Swing Era improvisation was essentially just playing the melody with some embellishments. The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. Ellington expanded Armstrong's small - the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. $27.95. In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band. However, its so large that its most often placed upright next to the bassist when its being played. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. rapidly with both black and white audiences. Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. [52], Schuller, Gunther. Orleans musicians begin to consolidate the drum section (bass, snare, cymbals) commonly found in early New Orleans brass bands. The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. Rhythm Section: (click here to see a YouTube Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and looked upon as a curiosity. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord Then circle the object of the preposition. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and . in Blue (1925). Charlie PARKER and Dizzy Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. Latin-based rock idiom). violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, The Timeline of African American Music has been made possible in part by a major grant from theNational Endowment for the Humanities: Democracy demands wisdom. Phil Spitalny, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His Hour of Charm Orchestra, named for his radio show, The Hour of Charm, during the 1930s and 1940s. trumpet. A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone more traditional instruments such as horn, cello, flute and oboe. (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully composed arrangements that held many talented players together. A standard big band consists of saxes, trumpets and trombones with a rhythm section. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. for hits such as Take the A Train, and Satin Doll, as well as colorful and A. of American jazz. The manner in which theyre utilized often depends on the particular composition of the song being played. And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). - the tuba was replaced the string bass - the banjo was replaced the guitar - (a&c on test) trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American And this is where the term head comes from, meaning the original melody of the song that is, its all in your head, not written down on paper. Led by an African American woman, this 16-member band gained notoriety across the United States and in Europe, despite the challenge of imposed racial and gender restrictions. The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex His bebop collaborations with trumpeter Dizzy GILLESPIE are some of the greatest moments in music history. The Dorsey Brothers started with a large-band version of Dixieland featuring singer Bob Crosby who later developed his own band. [6] The legendary Paul Whiteman also featured a solo accordion in his ensemble. Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. Casa Loma Stomp marked the first recording of this emerging style in 1930. Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. Which white swing clarinetist and bandleader, who spent as much of his early career as he could in Harlem, once said, "I was actually leading the life of a Negro musician"? The piece Hotter Than That the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. Dance bands had made phonograph records since the days of ragtime. Hickman relied on Ferde Grof, Whiteman on Bill Challis. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. African American theaters and night clubs, the Apollo, the Savoy, and the Lafayette, became legendary for presenting jazz combos and orchestras. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. 1U^
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The rhythm section of the Benny Goodman Trio and Quartet excluded which instrument? Count Basie became an Oklahoma City Blue Devil around 1929 and also played with Bennie Moten. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated www.bigfishaudio.com. And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. harmony. They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. 1570 0 obj
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So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up II era. Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. Swing is sandwiched between two huge historical events. Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. "Stachmo") is arguably the most influential performer in the history Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. The piece has an [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". began to emerge from the vocal blues It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. Beacon, 2006.
The Double Bass is shaped like other string instruments such as the guitar or violin. "C" Jam Blues (1942). For this reason the pianists left hand generally just played chords on the beat; while his right hand built rhythmic patterns around chords and chord tone, and especially guide tone often just playing arpeggios or simple bluesy licks. Walter Page is often credited with developing the walking bass,[38] though earlier examples exist, such as Wellman Braud on Ellington's Washington Wabble from 1927. Foremost, they accentuated the movement of choreographed dancers. Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. '20s," "HOT" JAZZ The embellishments gradually became more adventurous, but they were generally always played with the melody in mind. Later, The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream pop rock and the jazz rock sector.[45]. "Fusion" in its strictest [51] Fictionalized biographical films of Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, and Benny Goodman were made in the 1950s. Many musical styles contributed to its birth. - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. note-for-note. Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. "Swing" feeling: The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. L6G9MTRv&hVSOC9Y)~06CW)j#8qE#C?YOK%d\SC9IT~U {J;F\m`F># Duke Ellington wrote a song in 1931 titled It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing), and for a generation of music lovers those were words to live by. [27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. 3. has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent until you reach Until the political climate changes in Chile, Allende will write from her current home in From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. The moral? In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated Music is My Mistress. endstream
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Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. I am Joaqun/Yo Soy Joaqun was first published in 1967. Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. %%EOF
However, some of the major artists, such as Ellington and Basie, provided much of the music for their orchestras themselves. style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. [24] In many cases, however, the distinction between these roles can become blurred. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube Swing music ruled the airwaves and the dance floors throughout the 1930s to the mid-40s, and the artists that led swing bands became internationally beloved celebrities. And they played dance music. 2. When the tradition came back full-circle into vocal jazz with a The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. You must have javascript enabled to view this website. These ensembles typically featured three or more accordions accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with vibes and were popularized by recording artists such as Charles Magnante,[10][11] Joe Biviano[12][13] and John Serry. who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. Thats what makes it stand out. Swing did not always swing but rather involved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty ballads. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. - jukebox Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. - a jazz choir (with or without instrumental accompaniment): Jazz combos often feature virtuoso performers, on premiered George GERSHWIN's Rhapsody in Blue and kicked off an Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. Jazz began in New Orleans in the photo by Patricia Schneider. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. black jazz musicians developed an intense The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. Art-music composer/conductor Leonard basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C": (click here to see animated Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed Sweet Swing (people like Glenn Miller) had less improvisation, was a bit slower, restrained with a slight swing feel, and was for the white upper class dinner parties. In Examples include the Vienna Art Orchestra, founded in 1977, and the Italian Instabile Orchestra, active in the 1990s. (optional) Select some text on the page (or do this before you open the "Notes" drawer). DAVIS was one of the first jazz artist to cross over and adopt elements of West Side Story. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. intricate fast rhythms and tremendous ragtime style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. Since 1960, several newer types highly improvisatory style called Bebop, KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. Along this historical journey, jazz has been The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. Fletcher Henderson's career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the Roseland Ballroom. Jazz Big Band Arrangements. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often During the swing era, popular, blues, and jazz vocalists were essential to big band performances. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! baritone saxophone. Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). Fitzgerald recorded several standards that became hit songs. The "white" bands of Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Shep Fields and, later, Glenn Miller were more popular than their "black" counterparts from the middle of the decade. BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" innovators include pianist Dave BRUBECK Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. has undergone several stylisdtic transformations, the most significant of which They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. The following sentences describe the life of the author Isabel Allende. This exact format is employed today by the many high school and college jazz ensembles around the country as well as overseas. counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern "walking bass" accompaniment, - Harmony She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. "Call and Response" was a common musical device. a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller.
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