Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. . According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). All rights reserved. A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. He was known for his religious tolerance. Son of Sukhavarman. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. (I.191) He belonged to. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? How much stuff can you bring on deployment? Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. . Son of Ajitapida. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. Hence the correct answer is Option B. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. No examples found, consider adding one please. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. epic poem In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. it was brilliantly prepared for the work. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Answer. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? In 1380 C.E. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. View Answer They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Answer. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. Subscribe here. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Sanskrit [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. Sussala's son. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. Verse 7. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. . [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Jizya was abolished too in his command. After that, the English translation. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Updates? And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Verse 14. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. View all Google Scholar citations Wife of Damodara. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. section. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. Established the city of. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". Translation of " " into Persian . [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas.
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