Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). You are using an out of date browser. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community.. . [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. Simple theme. For the first time in history, Ekpe had a presentation at the highest institution of cultural anthropology in the world, the Smithsonian Museum. In the traditional Soninke tale of "Gasire's Lute", the son of the king contributes tragically to the fall of his kingdom when he: becomes too impatient to become king himself, gets his own sons killed in battle, becomes a poet-bard rather than wait to become king, causes his own people to rebel against his desire to keep fighting. The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. JavaScript is disabled. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. Sisiku Ojong-Orock was born on Saturday October 2nd, 1948 in Ogomoko Village,Eyumojock Sub-Division, Manyu Division in the Republic of Cameroon, West Africa. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. Omissions? English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. I Am Niki Buroro Agbor Ekpe Jerome a holder of a professional Masters in Forestry and wildlife Engineering with focus on Protected Area Management, Masters of Science in Forest Governance and policies from University of Dschang and Professional Masters in Environmental Science (ESIA) university of Yaounde 1. The Efik people are well known for a diverse number of cuisines. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. And it's a symbol in both. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. Photo by Jordan Fenton. There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. The destruction of Obutong occurred in 1854. ekpe society cameroon. [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the Nsibidi script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. Photo by Eli Bentor. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). Oge ruru ka laja nyefee lasha r ya ma gaa rwa r e nyere ya ebe z. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. [69] The society is divided into five main grades such as Nkanda, Oku akama, Nyamkpe, Okpoho and Ebonko. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. Hall Fund. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. Another theory narrated by Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong asserts that Antia Ekot Otong founded Obutong. This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. clothing stores in columbia mall the exhibition explores the long- The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. identity. The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. Over the years, the Victorian dress has been modified and given what is regarded as a dignified African look. Also i want bomb and shell. Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . The Ekpe society, the regulatory society in Manyu Division also fixed a heavy fine on any defaulter. (Ed.). It is not just because of its spiritual or cultic functions but for the fact that the institution was a pre-colonial police judiciary system (Bassey, 1998). Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. ekpe society cameroonworld market toblerone. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements. Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. Collection of Eli Bentor. authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. After the Efik had settled at Ikpa Ene, a party of men from Uruan arrived at Ikpa Ene. The traditional attire for men usually consists of a white long-sleeved shirt, a long broad soft neckerchief or scarf of costly material (Efik: kpmkpm) and a wrapper tied around the waist (Efik: Usobo).[83]. Eye of the Needle - Ken Follett 2015-07-07 The worldwide phenomenon from the bestselling author of The Pillars of the Earth, World Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. [16] Baikie said Ibibio are traced to the Igbo. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. [72] Iwewe is also regarded as a sacrificial meal often prepared for the Efik deities. No disrespect allowed. [52] The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. The Ekpe Society. These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). Also join us across all of our other channels - we love to be connected! The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. Ekpe society was the first tribe to come up with this design and archaeologists have found traces of this fabric even in southwestern Cameroon. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. Corrections? [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. Each ukara is highly individualized and clearly produced to be worn by a specific Ekpe member or to mark a specific Ekpe lodge. Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. They give me thesum of $1,200,000 and many thing. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the . I'm still struggling to understand her choice. Photo by Eli Bentor. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. The Neegee or Crocodile Society is considered evil by the Poro and Sande groups. Some of the musical instruments that are important in the culture we have discussed are: the bala (balaphon), a kind of xylophone, and the kora, a gourd harp. [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Ibibio term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. This is UKARA cloth used by the Ekpe society in a handful of places in Nigeria, Cameroon The symbols are nisbidi You even scanned the raffia marks left from resist dyeing I hope you won't sue the owners in future! During weddings, the bride wears at least two different nyny. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress).
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