Schober, P.; Boer, C.; Schwarte, L.A. And also how equals() and hashcode() method are used widely in the Collection API. How to clone an ArrayList to another ArrayList in Java. In this program, you'll learn to compare two strings in Java. Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own. However, using JSON.stringify() to compare objects has one limitation. Modeling Design/Coding Factors That Drive Maintainability of Software Systems. Following function compare obj1 with obj2. Madhwaraj, K.G. Convert a String to Character Array in Java. [. Tutorials Newsletter eBooks Jobs . ; Rachmadi, R.R. ; Pant, B.; Tiwari, U.K. Wilson, A.; Wedyan, F.; Omari, S. An Empirical Evaluation and Comparison of the Impact of MVVM and MVC GUI Driven Application Architectures on Maintainability and Testability. Coleman, D.; Ash, D.; Lowther, B.; Oman, P. Using metrics to evaluate software system maintainability. Use Collections.min () method and store the return value in min variable. ; validation, T.H. 121124. Overriding follow the convention for the hashCode() method that states, the equal object must have equal hash code. Furthermore, the results of the study may not generalize to the broader population of object-oriented systems based on programming languages other than Java. Kaur, A.; Kaur, K.; Pathak, K. A proposed new model for maintainability index of open source software. Sci. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data, Cloud and Parallel Computing (COMITCon), Faridabad, India, 1416 February 2019; pp. Comparing each element of a List against some condition. Lavazza, L.; Abualkishik, A.Z. This issue has already been noted by systematic literature reviews conducted in the research field [, In the literature, the Maintainability Index has been used as a measure of maintainability extensively researched from various perspectives. Performance of maintainability index prediction models: A feature selection based study. Because we had a moderate sample size (, For each software system under study, values of the Index variants are visually presented in, The differences between the values of Index variants are evaluated in, The scatter plot matrix representation with pairwise correlation analysis is shown in, To further analyze the multivariate relationships based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the seven Index variants, multidimensional scaling was used to reduce the dimensions of the data to two. The selection was random, and our selected subjects represent a heterogeneous group of software systems in terms of software characteristics, including size, complexity, code documentation, maturity, and domain of use. = minimum, Max. We can solve this issue by splitting the test into two tests one test per assert. A comparator interface is used to order the objects of user-defined classes. Were in fact testing oneSomeClassthat happen to have two properties. Avg. Applied Sciences. Brito e Abreu, F.; Melo, W. Evaluating the impact of object-oriented design on software quality. Lets upgrade your function to a deep level: Can you spot the differences comparing to the first version? This may offer intriguing insights into whether and how the selection of Index variants affects the results and established findings in the software engineering research community. ; Rana, A. Therefore, it is plausible that the results are different for closed-source software and may not be representative of the overall population, but only for open-source software. Dahiya, S.S.; Chhabra, J.K.; Kumar, S. Use of genetic algorithm for software maintainability metrics conditioning. In java, being object-oriented, it is always dynamically created and automatically destroyed by the garbage collector as the scope of the object is over. Available online: Kaur, K.; Singh, H. Determination of Maintainability Index for Object Oriented Systems. By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. ; Palani, G.; Iyer, N.R. When possible, the parameter settings of the data analysis method used were provided to the reader to give a better understanding of the analysis. In, To assess the relationship between Index variants in the context of comparing the maintainability of versions of the same software system, a correlation analysis was conducted for each case study. String comparison in Java is a feature that matches a sequence of characters to a string. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between different software systems? By using our site, you and B.. 107110. This is also the case with the aforementioned studies, as the choice of the variant used for the maintainability measurement of object-oriented software varies across them. = minimum, Max. In the below program, nowhere equals() method is called manually but we called the indexOf() method that internally calls the equals() method. As an example, imagine we have a list of students who applied for an exam, and another list of students who passed it. = maximum, Skew = skewness, Kurt. Microsoft. Using JSON.stringify. We can, therefore, compare them: assertThat (planes1).isNotSameAs (planes2); To sum up, in this case, we have two arrays in memory that contain the same String values in exactly the same order. One of the theoretical implications of this study that could be further exploited in software-engineering-related research is the insight into the characteristics of the evaluated variants when applied in different contexts, which was gained through the empirical evaluation and comparison of different variants of the Index. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article and mail your article to review-team@geeksforgeeks.org. Multidimensional scaling. The comparison operator == tests whether two reference variables point to the same object. and B.. ; Anda, B.; Mockus, A. [. Although different variants presented different values when subjected to the same software, their values were strongly positively correlated and generally indicated similarly how maintainability evolved between releases and over the long term. 149154. Use Collections.max () method and store the return value in max variable. It is not necessary that if the two objects are unequal according to equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects may produce distinct integer value. This can be done by using the org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanComparator comparator. Let us look then at the code inside Object.equals() method and understand its internals. In this article, You've seen how to compare two objects in java using equals() method of Object class. The key differences between the variants lie in the selection of the software metrics used and/or the amount of influence the selected software metrics have on maintainability. [. Conversely, an easily maintainable system is believed to be more cost effective in carrying out such maintenance tasks while also reducing the software systems tendency towards deteriorating software quality. ; methodology, T.H. When we run the program (HashCodeExample.java) with the above code snippet, we get the following output. C4 Software Technology Reference Guide-A Prototype, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. In the next two sections, we will see the example programs on ArrayList and HashMap classes. 2021. Mark X is used to indicate the inclusion of a software metric for the computation of a specific Index variant. [. If you instead change the program to use equality operator, you'll get Not Equal as shown in the program below. Based on their maintainability measurement characteristics, the Index variants can be divided into two distinct clusters containing variants that are more similar to one another: Index variants without considering code comments and Index variants that include code comments in their computation. Even though the findings are likely valid for software based on other object-oriented languages, further research is needed to confirm them. Using compareTo () method Using compareToIgnoreCase () method Using compare () method Method 1: using == operator Double equals operator is used to compare two or more than two objects, If they are referring to the same object then return true, otherwise return false. 254258. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. In the following example, we have created constructor of the Double and Long class and passes corresponding values, as an argument that stored in their objects, respectively. This allowed us to evaluate how the different variants capture the notion of maintainability when applied to measure the maintainability of the same software system and to compare the variants in terms of their absolute values. In the second comparison, equals () checks to see whether the passed object is null, or if it's typed as a different. As shown in the image above, the diff mode offers different methods of comparing two JSON objects. Software maintenance is a phase in the software life cycle that refers to modifications of a software system after delivery, aiming to provide support to the system [, Maintainability is an external quality attribute. We can compare two HashMap by comparing Entry with the equals () method of the Map returns true if the maps have the same key-value pairs that mean the same Entry. Visual StudioMaintainability Index. Hope you enjoy this article and find fun with the DIY thing. Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems. Maua, G.; Galinac Grbac, T. Co-evolutionary multi-population genetic programming for classification in software defect prediction: An empirical case study. In the example above, person1 and person2 have the same properties and values, so JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2) is true. Index Object Oriented Syst. For instance, Index variant thresholds for object-oriented software should be refined in the future while also considering the specifics of the Index variant used for maintainability assessment. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2324 May 2022; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2022; pp. future research directions and describes possible research applications. Below are 5 ways to compare two Strings in Java: Using user-defined function : Define a function to compare values with following conditions : if (string1 > string2) it returns a positive value. ; Atkinson, G.G. But, if the Class has so many properties, the code will be . *; class GFG { public static void main (String [] args) { After that, in the first println statement, we have invoked equals() method and parse an object y as a parameter that compares the object x and y. [. Fioravanti, F.; Nesi, P. Estimation and prediction metrics for adaptive maintenance effort of object-oriented systems. An object is an instance of a class that has its state and behavior. Anyone who has ever Googled (Binged?) For non-object-oriented software systems, an Index value below 65 indicates poor maintainability, between 65 and 85 indicates medium maintainability, and above 85 indicates high maintainability [. [. To understand and manage software under development and maintenance better, several maintainability measures have been proposed. The Java Object class provides the two important methods to compare two objects in Java, i.e. For example, the expression obj1==obj2 tests the identity, not equality. The differences in Index variants values are the most notable when looking at the finer-grained results derived from different Index variants. Example 1: The above implementation along with usage of hashCode(): How to Compare Two TreeMap Objects in Java? Dubey, S.K. We will be creating two objects and set the first object to "BMW" and the other object to "AUDI". Despite this, the Index variants without comment parts still tend to be more similar to each other than those without comment parts and vice versa. Finally, How to compare and sort the List of employees using the Collections.comparing() method. Object-Oriented Software. Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems. Murthy, A.R.C. For 42 software systems, only the last released version was included in the experiment, while for the remaining 3 systems, all versions from the release history were included. person1 and person2 have the same properties with the same values. A variety of data analysis methods (i.e., descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and trend analysis) were used to answer the research questions, which allowed us to evaluate and compare the consistency of several variants of the Index in measuring the maintainability of object-oriented software systems on a large and diverse set of Java software in different contexts. JHawk. To verify the assumptions of normality for the differences between the two groups under study, the ShapiroWilk Test was utilized because the sample size for the data of RQ1 was small (, To answer RQ2.1, a pairwise correlation analysis was carried out between pairs of Index variants to examine the association between variant values. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. whether they are the same object or not. ; project administration, B.. De Stefano, M.; Iannone, E.; Pecorelli, F.; Tamburri, D.A. It uses this result to then determine if they should be swapped for their sort. Replication studies are needed to confirm and generalize the results to a more extensive set of Index variants. To answer RQ2, the results were analyzed from two perspectives: between versions of the same software system, where three software systems with their versions were considered, and between different software systems, where the last version of each included software system was considered. By using our site, you Although there are differences in the values produced by different variants of an Index used to measure software system maintainability, the variants tend to behave similarly when comparing maintainability between systems. When it is invoked more than once during the execution of an application, the hashCode() method will consistently return the same hash code (integer value). Learn to code interactively with step-by-step guidance. Development and Application of an Automated Source Code Maintainability Index. Granja-Alvarez, J.C.; Barranco-Garca, M.J. A Method for Estimating Maintenance Cost in a Software Project: A Case Study. To learn how to compare strings in Java, you can use the methods provided by the following classes. On the other hand, when comparing the maintainability of systems using two Index variants, one from each of the two groups, the consistency in the maintainability comparison is expected to be lower. x holds the same value as we have passed in the equals() method. Lets say you just want to compare object references regardless of their content, then you can use the strict equality (===) or the loose one (==). Inferential statistics were employed to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in the maintainability measurements of the two Index variants. Create two variables, minimum and maximum. To perform the comparison of objects, we have created a separate class named HashCodeExample. In Proceedings of the Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering: 15th International Conference, ENASE 2020, Prague, Czech Republic, 56 May 2020; Revised Selected Papers 15. ; Johannessen, E.B. A Feature 367377. For objects, you either use a compareor a compareTomethod instead. Published at DZone with permission of Dror Helper, DZone MVB. Java provides the two methods of the Object class to compare the objects are as follows: The equals() method of the Object class compare the equality of two objects. And since book4 and book5 all point to the same object instance, book1, so book 4 === book5 is true. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Determ. Let us override the equals() and hashcode() methods in Employee class. Avg. It compares values of string for equality. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. The main advantage of the Index as a single-value measure of maintainability is its ability to be able to compare software in the context of others [. Over 2 million developers have joined DZone. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Elmidaoui, S.; Cheikhi, L.; Idri, A.; Abran, A. Empirical studies on software product maintainability prediction: A systematic mapping and review. 8893. Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. 2021. To ensure the most-accurate assessment, the specific variant selected should take into account the relevant aspects of maintainability that best represent the maintainability of the software system in question. Conceptualization, T.H. To reduce the likelihood of errors caused by humans, the process of collecting software metrics and computing the Index variants for all software under study was performed automatically by running scripts. 2021. [, Prabowo, G.; Suryotrisongko, H.; Tjahyanto, A. Method of Collections class for sorting List elements is used to sort the elements of List by the given comparator. Available online: Stack Overflow. Malhotra, R.; Khanna, M. Particle swarm optimization-based ensemble learning for software change prediction. In Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, Tampere, Finland, 2426 March 2004; pp. However, this must still be overwritten accordingly. Kaur, L.; Mishra, A. For more information, please refer to Impacts of software community patterns on process and product: An empirical study. After that, we have invoked the hashCode() method using objects. Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare () method. To answer RQ1, an evaluation and analysis of the gathered data were performed for one version of each included software system, focusing on the differences between the Index variants. In Proceedings of the Software Engineering Productivity Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 7 April 1992; pp. 1. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Chowdhury, S.; Holmes, R.; Zaidman, A.; Kazman, R. Revisiting the debate: Are code metrics useful for measuring maintenance effort? Object-oriented programming paradigm for damage tolerant evaluation of engineering structural components. To answer RQ1 and RQ2.1, the most recently released version at the time of conducting the experiments for each of the 45 software systems under study was used. A Tale of Two Development Approach: Empirical Study on The Maintainability and Modularity of Android Mobile Application with Anti-Pattern and Model-View-Presenter Design Pattern. Now, our need is to compare two objects that are the same or not. [. The next threat to internal validity is related to the methods of data analysis used. interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. and Get Certified. MDPI and/or Pratap, A.; Chaudhary, R.; Yadav, K. Estimation of software maintainability using fuzzy logic technique. The relationship between all pairs of Index variants under study is positive and strong to very strong. Heriko, T.; umak, B. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. [, Heriko, T.; umak, B. Analyzing Linter Usage and Warnings Through Mining Software Repositories: A Longitudinal Case Study of JavaScript Packages. ; Aljamaan, H.; Ahmad, I. If the minimum and maximum variables are equal then print Equal elements. One major threat to external validity is related to the software systems on which the research is based, including sample size, selection bias, and subject characteristics. 2021. Additionally, by having a better understanding of the characteristics that contribute to maintainability and how they can be measured by different Index variants, practitioners can also make informed decisions about how to prioritize and focus their efforts to improve these aspects of their software during development, leading to improvements in software quality and the long-term sustainability of their software systems. This seems like overkill in this case - were not asserting for two different, unrelated things. As the result, JSON.stringify(person3) === JSON.stringify(person1) is false and JSON.stringify(person3) === JSON.stringify(person2) is false. Let us add the customized logic for object comparisons. To answer RQ1, descriptive statistics were initially used to describe the values of each Index variant and to gain a general understanding of the distribution of the data. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. In the previous example, we have discussed how to sort the list of objects on the basis of a single field using Comparable and Comparator interface But, what if we have a requirement to sort ArrayList objects in accordance with more than one field like firstly, sort according to the student name and secondly, sort according to student age. See the original article here. We can override the equals() method in the following way if we want to provide own implementation. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. It can be observed that, in the case when comparing the maintainability between releases of the same software system, i.e., when changes in the source code are small, the Index variants tend to be more prone to non-consistency in the maintainability comparisons. As an example, you have a List of Employee Objects and you need to check that all your Employees are above 18. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between versions of the same software system? In Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability (ISSRE 07), Trollhattan, Sweden, 59 November 2007; pp. Kencana, G.H. Sawilowsky, S.S. New effect size rules of thumb. Seref, B.; Tanriover, O. To address these threats, our research relied on a version of 45 different software systems and all versions of 3 software systems, a sample generally larger than that in related work. Hence, it requires being measured and quantified indirectly while relying on internal attributes that can be measured from software directly [, In the last few decades, the object-oriented paradigm has emerged as one of the most-widely used paradigms for modeling and developing software. After writing or pasting, the JSON Diff button can easily manipulate accordingly. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, T.H. To explore the variants and understand how they compare when evaluating software maintainability, an experiment was conducted with 45 Java-based object-oriented software systems. Based on the ShapiroWilk Test, a parametric correlation coefficient was utilized, the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (, To answer RQ2.2, the link between Index variants was analyzed in the context of comparing maintainability with versions of the same software system using correlation analysis for each case study. The hash code is managed by a hash-based data structure, such as HashTable, HashSet, etc. 2023. Now all I needed to do is to compare thefakeExpectedwith the actual result from the test. On the other hand, equals() method compares whether the value of the strings is equal, and not the object itself. When comparing two software systems based on their maintainability assessments from different Index variants, if one software is easier to maintain than the other according to one variant, it is very likely that the same holds true according to any other variant. Visual Studio. If the two objects are equal according to the equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects must produce the same integer value. In Proceedings of the 2009 3rd International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, 1516 October 2009; pp. During maintenance, software systems undergo continuous correction and enhancement activities due to emerging faults, changing environments, and evolving requirements, making this phase expensive and time-consuming, often exceeding the initial development costs. In a similar way Ive created a new extension method that would compare the properties on two classes: And now I can use the following to compare my expected value with the value returned by the test: Simple(ish) is it? Agree Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare() method. P2-0057). After that, we have created a constructor of the Employee class and passes these two fields as a parameter. For When implementing it, we need to make sure that the method returns: A positive integer, if the current object is greater than the parameter object A negative integer, if the current object is less than the parameter object
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